New Assignment topic from Friendo:
Niccolo Machiavelli has been admired by many followers as the ‘father of modern politics’ agree or disagree, explain why. compare, contrast Italy circa 1513 when he wrote The Prince and 2008, today.
History remembers Machiavelli for The Prince. It condemns him for the cynicism, indeed sheer opportunism of that work. We coined the word “Machiavellian” to describe the scheming, opportunistic and amoral outlook we presume this work embodies. And we do so falsely.
Machiavelli worked as a public servant and diplomat in the Florentine Republic during the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries. Italy was a series of fractured and often warring city states, occasionally existing as Republics, Princely states, or Papal states.
The dominant political philosophy was one of Divine Right. The ruling order was considered to be ordained by God, the duty of statesmen was to be good Chirstians, uphold God’s law and respect the authority of the Pope.
Machiavelli, in his role as a diplomat and public servant, saw the sheer hypocrisy of this philosophy. States were amoral, the system of international relations was defined by conflict, and Prince’s were either strong or dead. As for the the Pope, he acted like any other temporal Prince, and his power to issue religious sanction did not prevent the sack of Rome.
In 1512 the Florentine Republic was over thrown, and the Medici family returned to power. Machiavelli, as an important figure in the previous regime was discredited and out of favour. The tradition in this situation was to try and gain favour by offering gifts that demonstrated loyalty to the new regime. And so Machiavelli wrote The Prince; he offered the new regime his political acumen. It was a gift that was rejected, Machiavelli never returned to a position of political influence, and his letter (The Prince) would not be published until five years after his death.
When it was published, it caused a storm, and it was widely condemned. Machiavellian became a pejorative term, his hypocrisy, opportunism and cynicism were seen to be self evident.
It is little wonder that The Prince scandalised the political establishment in Europe. It stripped away the righteous pretensions of Princes and Kings, and described the political reality as it was.
Consider the following ideas:
- The duty of the Prince was not to uphold Christian or chivalric values. The duty of the Prince is to survive, in order to create the stability in which other people can be “Christian”.
- It is better to be feared than loved. Why? To maintain power, and why? See the first point.
- It is better to appear honest and be as deceitful as necessary. Why? See the first point.
- It is better to appear merciful and be merciless. Why? See the first point.
Machiavelli explains a wide range of seemingly evil ideas. If you’ve conquered a new state, kill the previous rulers, subjugate the ruling class. But it makes sense when you understand the central tenant of his philosophy.
Power is the starting point. Without power The Prince cannot do good things, and thus The Prince’s overriding concern must be the maintenance of his power.
Everything flows from power. It is little wonder that his ideas scandalised those who deluded themselves with the fig leaf of Christian duty.
But has the world changed? Europe is no longer a system of warring states. The monarchs are dead. Is Machiavelli still relevant?
It is clear throughout Machiavelli’s work and life that he was essentially a republican. His theory was not predicated upon the assumption of monarchy, merely the assumption that it was a monarch he was trying to impress with his ideas.
The Prince is The State.
In world affairs we no longer draw on the fig leaf of Papal authority and religious duty. Instead we use the fig leafs of democracy, and international law.
The fact remains, that for a state to do anything, be it embrace democracy, or pursue economic development, or less noble goals, it must survive. It must retain the autonomy to act, and that requires the crushing of threats to power. This philosophy of power is in the current age described as “realism”. It’s proponents argue that it is not moral or immoral, merely a statement of fact.
But we idealists have long feared what embracing this realism might result in. I think we fear it for the same reason the kings of old despised it.
In Machiavelli’s time the issue was one of the exercise of power without recourse to religious illusion. I think many a King realised that in this reality, King’s could be swept away. Is it any wonder that a common attribute in any successful revolution has been the destruction of the Monarch and any other key proponents of the old system?
In the modern era we fear the existence of power exercised without recourse to the illusions of law and democracy. No matter how true it is, do we really want to live in a world in which people recognise the meaninglessness of these precious fig leaves?
Machiavelli left us with a truer understanding of the reality of politics, and for this he will forever be hated, despised and feared.